Monday, December 30, 2019

Niccolo Machiavelli Better For A Prince To Be Feared...

Introduction Niccolo Machiavelli (1810) asks whether it is better for a prince to be loved or feared in The Prince. The purpose of this essay is to argue that it is better for a prince to be feared than loved since the duty of a prince is to remain in power by any means necessary, using the example of Tsar Ivan. Supporting evidence of conflicting viewpoints will be analysed and evaluated throughout to help reach this judgment. The use of contemporary examples: President Trump and Colonel Gaddafi will also be considered to address this question. The study of Tsar Ivan will be instrumental in asserting this hypothesis, showing that for a prince, it is much more important and better to be feared rather than loved. Machiavelli on why it is†¦show more content†¦Perhaps these bonds have become much stronger in contemporary society than in the past or certainly at the time Machiavelli was writing. An online newspaper article for the Huffington Post highlighted how strong a bond can be. The supporter said: I’ve got a 6-foot cardboard box of President Trump in my house and I salute that every single day ... I tell him, ‘Mr. President, I pray for your safety today. (Herreria, 2017). This perfectly captures the loyalty that people have for a leader they love and this can be applied to a prince, although one could argue President Trump is more feared than loved. Nevertheless, this goes against Machiavellis rash generalisations that men easily fall out of love. However, Machiavellis implies that a leader who strives to be loved would avoid punishing his people; hence this leader is vulnerable to a transgression by his people since there are no repercussions for opposing his rule. The example of Scipio he used portrays this perfectly as his army rebelled due to his kindness. The absence of repercussions for opposing a prince hence can lead to their authority being undermined, which suggests that it is better for a prince to be loved rather than feared. However, this ignores that people can be blinded by their love for a leader, robbing them of their ability to transgress in the way that he describes; the supporter of President Trump demonstrates this perfectly. Contemporary Examples of Machiavellis Concept of Fear and Love TheShow MoreRelatedMachiavelli’s Political Ideas and Influence1477 Words   |  6 Pagesembodied political realism was Niccolo Machiavelli. Machiavelli was a Florentine born in 1469 and lived during the crux of the Renaissance. Before his career as an author Machiavelli was a Florentine ambassador in France and The Holy Roman Empire. Machiavelli studied Renaissance humanism and political realism. As a reaction to what he saw in the north, In 1513 Machiavelli wrote The Prince, which explained his ideas and experiences from his time as an ambassador. The Prince was a how-to book on how toRead More##y And Cruelty In Niccolo Machiavellis The Prince763 Words   |  4 PagesNiccolo Machiavelli. A name that stands out in world history. A name that has been the topic of much controversy since the early 1500s. A name associated with such heinous things that it has evolved into an adjective which is used to describe how evil someone is. Machiavelli published a how-to book, â€Å"The Prince,† to advise, instruct, and influence the minds of aspiring princes. The book, which immediately caught the publics attention, was quickly critiqued and thought of as immoral and wicked.Read MoreNiccolo Machiavelli s The Prince864 Words   |  4 PagesNiccolo Machiavelli, was an Italian diplomat and writer, born on May 3rd, 1469 in Florence, Italy. In his younger years, Niccolo became a diplomat after the downfall of the Medici family in 1494. Machiavelli earned the reputation of vicious since he enjoyed tormenting his associates. In 1512, the Medici family came to power once again and Machiavelli was accused of conspiracy thus was tortured, jailed and nonetheless banished from getting involved in politics and from Florence (Niccolo MachiavelliRead MoreNiccolo Machiavelli s The Prince892 Words   |  4 PagesNiccolà ² Machiavelli wrote The Prince with the sole purpose of impressing the Medici family and getting on the goo d side of the new ruler of Florence, Lorenzo di Piero de’ Medici. By writing this â€Å"handbook to ruling,† Machiavelli hoped to sway the Medici to accept him as an ally and possible political advisor. He was extremely convincing as he used examples from the past as a â€Å"political lesson† to further distinguish his ideas as correct. By seeing the successes and failures of those in power, MachiavelliRead More The Prince Essay1043 Words   |  5 Pages The Prince nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Governing countries and states properly has been a difficult task from the beginning of time. In every country there will be people to who are unhappy and will disagree with your rule, causing your system to fail. So, century after century, people have tried new ways to make their politics suffice everyone’s needs. However, the art of politics is a complicated and challenging issue that will always be needed to be dealt with. There have been many ways inRead MoreMachiavelli s Principles Of Princedom1449 Words   |  6 Pagesreading The Prince by Niccolà ³ Machiavelli, one will find a vast list of ways a prince should and should not act/rule. Many of the references Machiavelli makes, expands from Europe to Egypt. The propositions in this book go back to the fifteenth century and early sixteenth century. Starting with who Machiavelli is, the purpose of this paper is to explain some of his philosophies on how an ideal prince rules and acts, along with the conditions of his time era in Florence, to get a better understandingRead MoreNiccolo Machiavellis The Prince810 Words   |  3 Pages Niccolo Machiavelli’s most famous book, The Prince, contains the most valid information for a prince, a president, and even a king, to keep hold of their own power. Machiavelli tells about the importance and power of political action, his opinions, and most of all philosophy at it’s finest. Throughout the twenty-six chapters of this book he describes the bold, brave, practical, and powerful prince and how the prince’s life should be lived. Machiavelli’s view of human nature is used as justificationRead MoreThe Prince By Niccolo Machiavelli903 Words   |  4 PagesNiccolo’ Machiavelli, born May 3rd, 1496 in Italy, was an Italian diplomat for 14 years. He is better known for his work titled The Prince. This was a handbook created for corrupt politicians, in which the term â€Å"Machiavellian† came from, and he was also known as the â€Å"father of modern political theory† (Biography.com Editors). He served as a diplomat while the Me dici family was in exile; however, when they returned, Machiavelli lost his position. He was thought to be part of a conspiracy to overthrowRead MoreJefferson vs. Macheveli1719 Words   |  7 PagesThomas Jefferson and Niccolo Machiavelli share similar and different thoughts on how a government should run. On how the government should function. From the rule of the government the rule of the people. However Machiavellis essay is more cynical, while on the other hand Jefferson is more logical. We might live in a Machiavellian world but it all depends on what people believe in. Personally I believe that Machiavellis philosophy is cynical compared to Jefferson, Therefore I believe more in JeffersonsRead MoreBiography of and Principles Taught By Niccolo Machiavelli Essay1047 Words   |  5 PagesMachiavelli Essay: Question 1 Born in the 15th century, Niccolà ² Machiavelli was an Italian historian, politician, philosopher, diplomat and humanist. Following his career as an official in the Florentine Republic, Machiavelli was a founder of modern political science and political ethics. In the political treatise The Prince, written in 1532, Machiavelli outlines several key traits of a successful princedom such as; how to incorporate newly acquired provinces, the most successful way to conquer territories

Sunday, December 22, 2019

My Journal as a Participant of The Great Depression Essay

The Optimistic Depression 1 January 1930 How do I start this huh? I’ve never done this – I don’t know why I’m doing this. It leaves a trace when I need to make tracks. You have to listen to your mother though. Especially if you don’t want her to know that you’re in the business. You know what business. I’m a bootlegger in The Windy City. I serve in the Chicago Outfit; otherwise known as the â€Å"Capones†. The name’s James Remus and I am writing this on the eve of the new decade. Hopefully it’ll be just as prosperous as the last. Just make sure this book doesn’t fall into the hands of the coppers. Times like these, everyone has got to fight just to keep their heads above water what with the banks going down and all. Hell I even lost†¦show more content†¦17 October 1931 Well I suppose everything here on out is going to be downhill. What happened you might ask? Well I’ll tell you what happened. Big Al, Al Capone, Scarfa ce or whatever else you’d like to call him, got nicked! He is â€Å"sentenced to 11 years, $50,000 in fines, and [will be] forced to pay court fees totaling over $30,000† (Al Capone at Alcatraz 2). He’s usually so careful with this kind of stuff. I find it hard to believe he simply skipped over some tax evasion paperwork. I think the police planted it all there. Maybe they bought one of our guys onto their side. It’s like I always say, you can’t trust anyone so don’t get attached. Big Al has been getting cocky lately though. The St. Valentine’s Day Massacre back in 1929 did get the attention of idiot president Hoover. I suppose having the one and only US President gunning for him might have spiked his ego but I always just assumed that he was in control and that he knew exactly what he was doing. Why wouldn’t he? I mean he knew the ins and outs of every business everywhere. How could he have let himself get caught? 29 September 1931 I’ll be honest. I’m a little worried for America. I can feel that something is going to happen. Today, we just got news that Japan invaded Manchuria, which is some area north of Korea. In 1905 they took over Russia and before that was China. What if the Japs are looking to start a second Great War? What’s that going to mean for America? I likeShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Symptoms Of Patients With Aphasia1187 Words   |  5 Pagessample in this study will consist of 60 stroke patients, 30 with post stroke aphasia and 30 without post stroke aphasia. We will be using the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale to measure depression and anxiety symptoms in both participants with and without aphasia. Post -Stroke Mood Regulation According to the CDC (2015), 1 out of every 20 deaths; the fifth leading cause of death for Americans is caused by strokes. Although there areRead MoreFacebook Can Be Thought Of As Antibiotics1600 Words   |  7 Pagesconnect, relate and do business. What doctors, researchers and consumers did not know in 1945 was that, overuse and reliance of antibiotics and use without probiotic precaution would create resistant strains of viruses that would be even harder to cure. My proposal is that Facebook faces the same fate but on the psychosocial level. Just as antibiotics have given millions of people the ability to survive illnesses previously fatal, Facebook gives millions of people an opportunity they did not previouslyRead MoreEssay on tuskegee syphilis study1502 Words   |  7 Pagesknowledge of the study or the disease by participants, the Tuskegee Syphilis Study can be seen as one of the worst forms of injustices in the United States history. Even though one could argue that the study was originally intended to be for good use, the Tuskegee Syphilis Study was immoral and racist because only poor, uneducated black males were used in experiment, the participants were not properly informed of their participation in the experiment, and the participants were withheld from any type of treatmentRead MoreI Find This Journal Article Interesting As It Discussed1335 Words   |  6 PagesI find this journal article interesting as it discussed the consequences of midlife psychosocial development in relation to late-life cognitive and e motional health. It is relevant in my age group, particularly in my husband’s case who is in his mid-thirties. Although I have been aware of the implications of certain psychosocial factors in someone’s well-being, I wanted to know the other aspects of midlife psychosocial development and its effect as the person ages. 2. A summary of related literatureRead MoreBlack Resilience Against Violence Effects Essay1559 Words   |  7 Pagesintervention that aims to empower Black youth with access to culturally-sensitive, mental health treatment for depression and suicide as well as resources to become involved within the political sector of social justice issues, such as police violence on Black lives. The target populations of this intervention are Black youth in middle school and high school who have shown behaviors in relation to depression and suicide ideation and reside in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma and St. Louis, Missouri, regardless of socioeconomicRead MoreComprehensive Understanding of Individual Treatment in Depression Group Therapy1511 Words   |  6 PagesGroup Process Practice Paper Depression or Major Depressive Disorder as well as several other spectrum level diagnoses related to depression is one of the most common mental disorders seen today. Depression seems to be a pervasive social and community problem that effects millions of people on a daily basis, sometimes associated with environmental events and other times presenting out of what would seem to be nowhere. One of the most significant problems with depression is the variety of effectiveRead MoreThe Effects Of Midlife Psychosocial Development On Cognitive And Emotional Health1331 Words   |  6 PagesDirected Assignment A4: Review Research 1. Why did you pick this article? I find this journal article interesting as it discussed the consequences of midlife psychosocial development in relation to late-life cognitive and emotional health. It is relevant in my age group particularly in my husband’s case who is in his mid-thirties. Although I have been aware of the implications of certain psychosocial factors in someone’s well-being, I wanted to know the other aspects of midlife psychosocial developmentRead MoreThe Effects Of Music Therapy On Patients With Dementia1547 Words   |  7 Pagesinformation I wanted to see if and how music therapy could be used to aide in patients who suffered from dementia. When conducting my own research I ran across an article titled â€Å"Connecting through music: A study of a spousal caregiver-directed music intervention designed to prolong fulfilling relationships in couples where one person has dementia†, this article caught my attention because it examined the relationship of couples where one of the spouses’ suffered from dementia and the other spouse wasRead MoreDepression And The Older Adult1266 Words   |  6 PagesI chose to write my paper over depression and the older adult. The reason I chose to write about this topic is because I think more attention should be brought to this mood disorder. Depression is more serious than some believe, and I would like to spread awareness about how this disorder affects the older adult. Another aspect that makes me want to research this topic is because I have experienced depression at one point in my life and I remember how hopeless I felt. I would like to learn aboutRead MoreEssay on Burn the Fuse of Drug Abuse667 Words   |  3 Pagessense, drug abuse is a situation whereby one takes unprescribed drugs due to depression, illness or fear of the unknown, which could lead to one being stigmatized, ashamed or isolated. People take drugs out of curiosity; peer pressure, stress or depression and constant intake of these drugs is w hat brings about drug addiction. Consequently, illegal drug use is detrimental to the company and could lead to violence, depression and could lead to death. Fortunately, treatments are available to help

Saturday, December 14, 2019

Nanjing Massacre Free Essays

Genocide Research Project Questions and Instructions Research Reminders * Each student must answer all questions. * Record references for all information used to answer the questions. (copy and paste to a word document or save to your H: drive or print a copy) * Only research will be conducted today. We will write a custom essay sample on Nanjing Massacre or any similar topic only for you Order Now You will not work on your presentation until all research is completed. * You must get information from 9 sources, most from Galileo. * In Galileo, select History References and Full Text. Enter your country and genocide as search terms. You will have to READ the articles to find information. Write the answers, cut and paste, or type into your word document with a reference to the source. * Use the citation option to get the APA citation for the source. Copy and paste into your word document. All questions must be answered with correct source citations by the end of class. This assignment will count as a quiz grade. You can access the word document on Edmodo or Ms. Youse’s webpage. Open it and save it to your H: drive before you begin your research. Name _______________ Date ___________ Period______ Country___________ Research Questions, Answers, and Sources 1. What historical, cultural, social events led to this particular case of genocide? In December 1937, the then-Chinese capital of Nanjing fell to the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA). China, under the control of the Nationalist government (the KMT), had been engaged in full-scale conflict with Japan since July of that year in what is known as the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). During 1937, Japanese forces captured several major Chinese cities, including Shanghai, whose taking enabled the invading army to advance on the capital. By the time the IJA entered an already-bombarded Nanjing on December 13, the KMT had withdrawn its army, leaving the city officially defenceless. Source: Kinney, D. (2012). Rediscovering a massacre: The filmic legacy of Iris Chang’s The Rape of Nanking. Continuum: Journal Of Media ; Cultural Studies, 26(1), 11-23. doi:10. 1080/10304312. 2012. 630136 2. Where did this genocide occur? Identify a specific place and its relative location on the planet. Nanjing (nan? jing? ) or Nanking (nan? king? ) [southern capital], city (1994 est. pop. 2,224,200), capital of Jiangsu prov. E central China, in a bend of the Chang (Yangtze) River. It has served at times in the past as capital of China. The second largest city in the region (after Shanghai), Source: Nanjing. (2013). Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition, 1. 3. When did this case of genocide occur? How long did it last? The events that ensued over six weeks – including mass rape and killing of both civilians and disar med military personnel – are known collectively as the Nanjing Massacre. Its death toll remains hotly disputed particularly among Japanese historians, though the official Chinese estimate is 300,000. Source: Kinney, D. (2012). Rediscovering a massacre: The filmic legacy of Iris Chang’s The Rape of Nanking. Continuum: Journal Of Media Cultural Studies, 26(1), 11-23. doi:10. 1080/10304312. 2012. 630136 4. What are/were the targeted races, ethnicities, tribes, or religions? On December 13, 1937, the invading Japanese army captured Nanking and ruthlessly butchered Chinese disarmed soldiers and civilians, madly looted Chinese properties, and indulgently torched down private and public buildings. However, the most heinous of all was their shameless, cruel rape of Chinese women. An eyewitness, H. J. Timperley, a reporter of the â€Å"Manchester Guardian,† said in his book that the desecrated Nanking was â€Å"an earthly hell. † Source: Hu, H. W. (1992). Don’t forget the Chinese Women under the Rape of Nanking. Chinese American Forum, 7(4), 20-23 5. Provide relevant background information about the region and the conflict. Nanjing is at the intersection of three major railroad lines. Industry, which once centered around nankeen cloth (unbleached cotton goods), was vigorously developed under the Communist government. The city now has an integrated iron-steel complex, an oil refinery, food-processing establishments, and hundreds of plants making chemicals, textiles, cement, fertilizers, machinery, weapons, electronic equipment, optical instruments, photographic equipment, and trucks. Nanjing has long been celebrated as a literary and political center. It was the capital of China from the 3d to 6th cent. A. D. and again from 1368 to 1421. The Treaty of Nanjing, signed in 1842 at the end of the Opium War, opened China to foreign trade. During the Taiping Rebellion insurgents held the city from 1853 to 1864. It was captured by the revolutionists in 1911, and in 1912 it became the capital of China’s first president, Sun Yat-sen. When in 1927 the city fell to the Communists, the foreign residents fled to the protection of British and American warships on the Chang River. The Kuomintang under Chiang Kai-shek retook the city, and it became (1928) the regular Nationalist capital. In 1932, when the Japanese were threatening to attack the city, the government was temporarily removed to Luoyang, and on Nov. 21, 1937, just before Nanjing fell to the Japanese, it was moved to Chongqing. The Japanese entry into the city, accompanied by widespread killing and brutality, became known as the rape of Nanking. Source: Nanjing. (2013). Reloaded Content, 1. 6. Name all of the groups involved in the conflict. Describe each group. Source: 7. What were the major and the underlying causes of the genocide? What do the perpetrators of the genocide hope to accomplish? Source: 8. Was there an event that â€Å"sparked† the killings? (for example, the President’s plane crash in Rwanda) If so, what was the inciting incident? Source: 9. What occurred during the genocide? A. Who was targeted and why? B. Who did the killing? C. What methods were used? D. How long did it last? E. How many people were killed? Source: 10. How did the genocide end? Source: 11. Was there any involvement from the international community (individual countries or the United Nations)? If so, what? If not, why? Source: 12. What were/are the lasting effects of the genocide? Some questions to consider are? A. What was the country/region like directly after the genocide? B. What is the country/region like today? C. Are there still tensions between the groups involved? Source: How to cite Nanjing Massacre, Essay examples

Friday, December 6, 2019

Do Social Deal Sites Really Work free essay sample

If yes, how should they design the deal? If no, why? Social couponing sites provide daily discounts and coupons for members. Discounts run across various categories and industries: from food fairs to Whole Foods, beauty salons to theme parks. Users can opt to purchase the coupons, which generally provide discounts such as â€Å"2 days for the price of 1 at Brooklyn Museum† or â€Å"VIP access to Taste of DC. Users then print the coupon and use it as specified. It is called social couponing because customers are encouraged to share their deal with friends on Social platforms like Facebook, Twitter or others. If a certain amount of friends buy the same deal, a special condition might be triggered (f. e. the friends get the same deal even cheaper). In our case the question is whether the Australian theme park â€Å"Flanaganâ€Å" should cooperate with the social couponing provider Daily-Dilly or not. There are several aspects, why it makes sense for â€Å"Flanagan Theme Park† to do it: In the short-run more customers would visit the park, because the couponing allows con-sumers interested in trying a new experience to do so at a lower cost/risk. We will write a custom essay sample on Do Social Deal Sites Really Work? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Furthermore it en-tices consumers to try things they wouldn’t otherwise consider, just because of the cheap costs. This would positively affect the revenues of the park. This surplus of liquidity could be used in order to conduct necessary investments in the park (f. e. the water circulation system). These investments would help to enhance the quality of the park and represent a long-term benefit. A better park quality will have a positive influence on the customers’ satisfaction and his disposition to come back. In addition, a socio-psychological effect would take place: The higher attendance and the associated rise in queuing-time would make the people feel â€Å"they’re waiting for something specialâ€Å". This derives from the fact that the actual benefit a visit in a theme park has fort he customers highly depends on how the other people liked it. Secondly, the utilization of this tool would make Marketing more scalable for the park. The amount of money spent on a attracting a customer could be calculated exactly (Value of the coupon + Costs for the usage of Daily-Dilly) and exact indicators like for example the Return of Investment could be calculated. This would have a huge improvement on terms of planning security (future cash flows could be predicted more precisely) and Controlling. Thirdly, the park could avoid â€Å"throwing money at people who aren’t really potential custom-ersâ€Å". With the current comarketing strategy, the target of the marketing actions can’t really be controlled. With the utilization of social-couponing platforms and underlying Big-Data analy-sis, offers could be addressed directly to potential customers. This would improve the effi-ciency of their marketing efforts. On the other hand there are also aspects disagreeing with the utilization of social-couponing: Social couponing is driving one-time shoppers or discount-seekers to venues that they will not return to, just because of the thrill of having made a snap. Social-couponing engenders a one- time experience, but not necessarily a long-term customer relationship. In addition these cus-tomers are widely considered to be more inconsiderate in terms of feeling responsible for the facilities they are using with the deal. Furthermore could the sudden rush of visitors, triggered by the coupons, overcharge the infra-structure of the park. In the worst-case scenario this would lead to an almost collapse of the parks and consequently to a massive decline in the customers satisfaction. An example for this effect is a Cafe in Tokio. Cooperating with Groupon, they offered a huge discount on home-delivered New Year dishes. The rush was overwhelming and so the Cafe couldn’t maintain their level of service quality. Customers complained about very long delivery times and a disappointing quality of the dish. A boomerang for the company’s reputation. After the consideration of all Pro and Cons, one can say that the positive aspects overwhelm. Especially the fact that for venues like a theme park, which consumers tend to only visit once or twice a year, social couponing incents relevant patrons to visit the venue at a discounted rate. Design of the deal The ideal deal has the minimum amount of restrictions on where, when, and how it is con-sumed, and by whom. Greater flexibility will increase the chance that people accept the offer, but limitations are often necessary to protect vendors, for example, against running out of inventory or capacity. That’s why why have to think of the perfect deal structure for â€Å"Flana-gan Theme Park†. Deal characteristics †¢Sold out †¢For new customers only †¢With a hurdle—minimum requirement: oNon-transferable? oWith purchase quantity restrictions oWith redemption specifications: Instore only? †¢Online only ? 1 †¢Redeem from home †¢Other †¢With stipulation regarding gift purchases: oMay buy multiple deals as gifts ? 2 oAdditional gift purchases restricted †¢With restriction per person/family/ household oMay buy between 6 and 10 per unit oMay buy up to five per unit †¢Integration of location-based social networking (f. e. foursquare) ? 3 ?1 In order to prevent the situation that two comparable customers pay two different prices for the same tickets at the ticket counter, couponed tickets should only be redeemable online. 2Since the main goal is to attract more customers, gift purchases should be fostered ? 3 The park should facilitate the sharing of the location’s information. In order to achieve a high sharing rate, the park certainly needs a sophisticated presence on in social networks. Furthermore could the installation of smartphone-legible QR-Codes throughout the park make the visitors to share their location with their friends. This would be cost-free advertisement. 2In your opinion, which types of companies are most likely to benefit from promoting on social deals sites? From the economical perspective, businesses with a high turnover and a huge customer fluc-tuation should utilize social-couponing. This is the case for business who could be categorized as Food and drink, Sports and recreation, Auto services and Art and entertainment. These are the industries who are the most likely to gain a profit from social deal sites. Furthermore the social aspect of a lot of deals, the so called group buying, might be useful for companies who offer services for groups, who so to speak offer a group experience. This es-pecially is the case for restaurants (Food and drink), Spas (Recreation) and for travels (Holi-day and sightseeing). Another point to be mentioned from the social perspective is that the role of Social Networks is important too. People will be more than willing to show their friends what a great bargain they’ve just made on their latest buy. Especially highly prestig-ious (respectively ways of showing the personality of the person) consumer goods like Cloth-ing and accessories should be influenced by this.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Women Empowerment Essay Sample free essay sample

Introduction Women engagement and leading function in administration is imperative to good administration to guarantee ( I ) demographic representation and engagement of communities in legislative and policy devising procedures ; ( two ) representative articulation of demands towards human development ; and ( three ) part [ movie ] to authorities effectivity and answerability. Although there has been an betterment and acknowledgment of the importance and function of adult females in administration in recent times. their function and engagement has been limited by unequal capacity. failure to acknowledge adult females accomplishments and competences by most administration constructions and marginalising institutional and cultural patterns. Irrespective of the constitutional commissariats. adult females still see a hostile administration environment that hinders their effectual engagement and leading function. South African Context Since 1994. the South African authorities has introduced policies. programmes and establishments to guarantee adult females engagement. emancipation and created chances for adult females development. For illustration. ( I ) gender equality is a cardinal dogma under the Bill of Rights of The Constitution of South Africa. We will write a custom essay sample on Women Empowerment Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page and the state has adopted sophisticated rights-based statute law with expressed mention to gender equality ; ( two ) the South African authorities is a signer to regional and international instruments that promote gender equality ; ( three ) gender considerations are integrated into authorities policies and programmes ; ( four ) In 2005 South Africa was the eleventh state to establish the 50/50 run ; ( V ) the Women Empowerment Unit was established to place factors that hinders adult females full engagement in the legislative devising procedures ; ( six ) Commission on Gender Equality was established ; ( seven ) municipality Structure Act ( 1998. 11 ( 3 ) stipulate equal gender representation ; the National Gender Machinery has been institutionalized ; and ( eight ) the Ministry for Women. Children and Persons with Disabilities is a cardinal co-coordinating point for the promotion and protection of the rights of adult females. kids and individuals with disablements. Some of the cardinal accomplishments towards adult females administration engagement and leading function to day of the month include: †¢ The representation of adult females in parliament has increased from 25 % in 1994 to 44 % after April 2009 elections ; †¢ The figure of adult females Ministers and Deputy Ministers increased from 18 % in 1994 to 40 % in the 2009 election ; †¢ Women constitute 42 % in Provincial legislative assemblies and 40 % of all elected councilors at the Local Government Level ; †¢ 30 % of adult females in the National Council of Provinces are adult females ; †¢ Five of the nine states are led by adult females Premiers. †¢ three of the country’s six metropolitan metropoliss are led by adult females Mayors ; and †¢ South Africa is rated 3rd globally in adult females representation in Parliament after Rwanda and Sweden. The Strategy/Approach: The overall aim of the programme is aimed at bettering adult females engagement and leading function through capacity development within political parties and other political formations. i. e adult females Parliamentarians and councilors. The push of the programme attack is: †¢ Local ownership of the programme at provincial degree to guarantee sustainability ; †¢ Monitoring mechanisms to guarantee relevancy and impact. and spread out on the current cognition base on adult females engagement and leading function ; †¢ Multistakeholder attack to guarantee wide engagement and support ; †¢ Non-partisan attack to diversify input to enrich the programme ; and †¢ United Nations interagency coaction to broaden competences and expertness and cognition base. Envisaged Results †¢ Improved adult females engagement and function within administration establishments ; †¢ Increased figure of adult females Parliamentarians and councilors within administration constructions ; †¢ Effective administration establishments ; †¢ Improved administration public presentation ; †¢ Increased attainment of the Constitutional commissariats. in peculiar the gender equality ; †¢ Increased consciousness on the importance of adult females engagement and leading within administration constructions ; A ; †¢ Progressive alteration of mentality about adult females engagement and leading function within administration establishments ; Beneficiaries The donees of the Training programme include: Womans Parliamentarians and councilors ; South African administration establishments ; Political parties ; Civil society administrations ; Labour administrations ; and South African statute law establishments. Advancement to day of the month The first stage of the preparation programme was conducted by Gender Links. a Southern African NGO based in Johannesburg. Women from nine states participated in the preparation. [ movie ] Gender Links has a repute for carry oning high quality research which it uses to inform policy and schemes. speedy action and first-class bringing. These are underpinned by a strong institutional construction that includes a high profile but hands on board ; experienced staff and direction squad ; sound fiscal direction and answerability and a strong monitoring and rating unit. GL is an commissioned preparation establishment with the Education. Training. Development. Practices Sector Education Training Authority ( ETDP SETA ) . Faculty 1: Gender Awareness The aims of this faculty were to: equip participants with cardinal gender constructs for application in their work and to familiarize participants with cardinal national. regional and international committednesss for accomplishing gender equality. The Outcomes of the preparation programme include: †¢ Women in determination devising empowered to incorporate gender into all their programmes. †¢ Enhanced women’s assurance and ability to utilize their power for more effectual service bringing. †¢ Womans from political parties who attended the preparation included gender and women’s representation on their party’s docket. Faculty 2: Gender and Media Literacy The aim of this faculty were to: Understand the construct of media literacy ; Understand the proviso of SADC protocol on Gender and Development and use them to their different context ; Understand the gendered dimension of administration ; Gain accomplishment to keep media and leaders accountable ; Figure out how to construct gender into runs ; and Develop their IT for protagonism. The results of the preparation programme include: †¢ 128 adult females participated in online confab on the cyber duologues. †¢ 128 adult females empowered on the use of cyberspace to make research and with accomplishments to critically prosecute with the media †¢ Increased consciousness on the commissariats of the SADC Protocol on Gender and Development. †¢ Enhanced ICT literacy accomplishments †¢ Enhanced apprehension of the impact of the media literacy class Second stage: Phase two will concentrate on gender mainstreaming within policy preparation processes. programme development and monitoring and impact appraisal.

Monday, November 25, 2019

Abortions in foreign Countries essays

Abortions in foreign Countries essays Abortions in foreign countries has been controversial since 1995, when Republicans began using foreign aid legislation as leverage to gain restriction on overseas abortions. The Mexico City Policy know for its name after former President Regans conference in that city was established in 1984. Opponents of this policy call it a global gag rule. The policy was a ban on Federal aid money to overseas organizations that provide abortion counseling or speak publicly in support of abortion, even if they use their own funds to do so. Former President Clinton repealed the Mexico City Policy immediately upon taking office in 1993, U.S tax dollars have been pumped without restrictions into the coffers of organizations that promote and carry out abortions overseas, chief among these being the International Planned Parenthood Federations. In January 2001 when President George Bush took office, one of his first actions was to sign an executive order banning Federal aid money to overseas organizations that provide abortion counseling. President Bush says it is my conviction that taxpayer funds should not be used to pay for abortions, advocate or actively promote abortions, either here or abroad. The International Planned Parenthood Federation believes that this move would result in-groups that provide family planning information being shut down. A reproductive right organization sued President Bush challenging the constitutionality of the governments ban on aid for family planning groups that discuss or advocate abortion right abroad. The federal lawsuit also names Secretary of State Colin Powel and Andrew Natsios, administrator of the U.S Agency for International Development. Planned Parenthood receives $200 million in taxpayer money from the government. Currently 54 countries allow abortions, which are about 61 percent of the world population. The Alan Guttmacher Institute ...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Leadership Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Leadership Plan - Essay Example Being 27 years old and a soon mother-to-be, I believe my priorities are set in the right direction – I want to be a good mother first and then finish school and yearn for a successful career. This career will fulfill my intrinsic desires to reach the top, to show my mettle to one and all that I can make a serious difference. However one thing is for certain and that is the fact that I need to work my way through difficult times and understand how life offers chances to people every now and then. I need to grab the chances that come my way with both hands and be thankful to God for giving me a chance to do something constructive. Being in a leadership role would be one feeling that will elevate my status within the society as well as offer me a chance to understand that my hard work has paid the right dividends. (Chemers, 1997) I believe no work goes unnoticed and if a person applies herself whole-heartedly towards a task, success is sure to touch her feet sooner rather than la ter. Same is my case, where I see myself working towards attaining a task, a goal and an objective – all of which lead towards eventual success in the said field. However there are three different questions which I need to answer and this I will do during the length of this essay. At the present, I believe I am being too hard on myself. But then again this is a requirement for me since my Bachelor’s in Organizational Leadership is one rigorous program which will eventually prepare me into a professional on all counts. I am vying to pursue my Master’s so that I could give a practical shape to my thinking ideologies and see myself as a successful individual in the coming times. Presently I am working my heart out to attend the night school as well as working full-time as an administrative assistant in the marketing department of an organization. It has become hard on me but I know it will bring the rich dividends which I richly deserve, say 5

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Manager of a company Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Manager of a company - Assignment Example When it comes to organization in the company, the manager is in charge, be it getting parts to be used in the manufacturing department or distribution of finances and resources to all the departments which is facilitated by the finances and human resources departments. The company has an information system that helps the management know the number of employees in each department and required for each shift; night and day shifts. When it comes to management it’s mostly about leadership though these are two different activities; management of employees and the company resources is led by the top level manager. The manager supervises all the activities through the various departmental leaders; moreover, knowing and listening to our employees needs, ideas and suggestions have a great impact on the leadership of our company. Controlling is mostly about guaranteeing whether as an organization we have achieved our objectives and met our goals; this is done by evaluating the situation of the company after the duration set in the objectives or plan. Evaluation is mainly about comparing the cost and the output/benefits/performance of the organization ie no of motorbikes sold, their cost of manufacturing and profit. Noticeably, the management shares this information with the employees, giving copies of this information to all the departments and discussing the different figures; this builds a sense of trust, feeling of involvement and team work for the employees. By implementing these four functions in managing the HD Cycles company, it is clearly understood by the top level management that it’s all about these functions in all the organization’s departments. The HD cycles company has an overall number of 100 employees and five departments/branches i.e. finances, human resources, sales, manufacturing and employee welfare departments. Management is

Monday, November 18, 2019

Organisational Behaviour Individual Case Study Assignment

Organisational Behaviour Individual Case Study - Assignment Example It helps in perceiving ideas about organization, groups and individual employees involved in the organisational structure. Thus, the concept is often considered as a parameter pertaining to the explanation, understanding, forecasting and calculation of human behaviour in an organization (Pomsuwan, 2007). In order to access the individual or group performance in an organization, certain areas are primarily focused which include personality, perception, attitudes, job satisfaction, group dynamics, politics, leadership, job design, culture, communication chain, stress of work, and decision-making power that tend to influence the employees’ behaviour at large (Rollinson, 2008). This paper intends to present an understanding of the concept of organisational behaviour and its influences on the employees in case of mergers and acquisitions. Based on a case study scenario of David Orton and Cost Wise, the discussion in this paper also aims at identifying the various issues faced by th e organizations and its employees due to structural changes as a result of acquisition. 2.0. Methodology Organisational behaviour is also known as organizational science which encompasses a prearranged study and cautious relevance of knowledge about how people operate in an organization. ... s which are considered in this regards are employee morale, job satisfaction, absenteeism rate, salary issues and various other inter as well as intra organisational conflicts. The approach considered for this project tends to be purely qualitative based on an objective-oriented research design. The data collected for this study majorly includes journals, books, articles related to the research issue and similar other relevant secondary sources. In order to gather primary data, interviews were conducted with the former employees of Cost Wise and the management personnel of David Orton. Observation technique was also used to identify the various dimensions of the work culture within the organisation from September 2011 to November 2011. In addition, staff visits have also been considered in this study to support the views of the other staffs associated with a similar industry. As often noted by researchers, mergers and acquisitions not only affects the organisational structure and the financial operations, but also influences the employees’ needs at the basic level (Salame, 2006). To conclude on this prediction, the analysis of the data collected will be based on the Maslow’s Need Hierarchy so as to determine the gap between the employees’ interest in these two companies before and after the merger. 3.0. Findings 3.1. Motivational States of Cost Wise Employees Motivation is typically referred as the forces that account for the arousal, selection, direction and continuation of behaviour. These forces act as foundations for enhancing both individual and organizational needs and can be better described by Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs model. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is often depicted as a pyramid consisting of five levels. The first four levels are

Friday, November 15, 2019

Diagnosis of Middle Ear Disorders Using Wideband Energy

Diagnosis of Middle Ear Disorders Using Wideband Energy CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF MIDDLE EAR DISORDERSÂ  USING WIDEBAND ENERGY REFLECTANCE A Doctoral Thesis Presented to The Graduate College of Missouri State University In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Copyright 2008 by [Alaaeldin Elsayed] CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF MIDDLE EAR DISORDERS USING WIDEBAND ENERGY REFLECTANCE Communication Sciences and Disorders ABSTRACT Accurate diagnosis of middle ear disorders in adults and children is a challenging task because of the complexity of disorders. Wideband energy reflectance (WBER) technique provides simplicity and accuracy in diagnosing middle ear disorders across wide frequency range. This research is expanding the studies of WBER to investigate the middle ear function in normal and pathological conditions of the middle ear in adults and children. Findings showed that WBER not only can distinguish abnormal from normal middle ear function but also can characterize different middle ear disorders in adults and children. Several specific WBER patterns were established in a variety of middle ear disorders among adults and children that will help in early diagnosis of such pathologies. The ER pattern was including significant higher ER in the children control group than the adult control group at 0.5 kHz and 1 kHz, abnormally high or shallower in otosclerotic ears, abnormally low in ears with TM perforati on and abnormally low ER with deep notch in ears with hypermobile TM. In presence of negative middle-ear pressure, elevated ER at ambient pressure is also expected. Results also showed that standard tympanometry was less sensitive in diagnosing middle ear disorders when compared to WBER especially in otosclerotic cases. Further studies are still required to validate the clinical use of ER in larger number of individuals with confirmed middle ear disorders. KEYWORDS: wideband energy reflectance, otosclerosis, otitis media with effusion, eustachian tube dysfunction, tympanometry. This abstract is approved as to form and content Wafaa Kaf, MD, MS, PhD Chairperson, Advisory Committee Missouri State Universit CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF MIDDLE EAR DISORDERS USING WIDEBAND ENERGY REFLECTANCETITLE OF THESIS By Alaaeldin Elsayed A Doctoral Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College Of Missouri State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctorate, Audiology ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank so many who encouraged me along this dissertation. First and foremost, I am thankful to God for all his blessings. I am very grateful to Dr. Neil DiSarno for all his support and kind caring throughout my graduate school education. Further, I am indeed grateful to Dr. Wafaa Kaf, my doctoral advisor, for her guidance, encouragement, and support throughout this work. In addition, I would like to show appreciation to my committee members for their helpful comments and direction for this dissertation. Special thanks also to the faculty and secretarial staff of the Department of Communication Science and Disorders. Thanks to Dr. Walid Albohy, and Dr. Ahmad Alhag for their help in collecting data for this study. Special thanks and appreciation for my wife Enass and my children Mohamed and Nada, your love and delightful spirits has kept me going forward. DEDICATION This work is dedicated To My dear parents, My beloved Enass, Mohamed, and Nada, Who made all of this possible, for their endless encouragement and patience. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Hearing mechanism and the middle ear Sound transmission. The hearing process includes the transmission of sound energy through the auditory canal to the tympanic membrane (TM). This sound energy results in vibration of the TM with an equal atmospheric pressure on both sides of the TM. The mechanical vibrations are, then, transmitted from the TM to the air-filled middle ear space and ossicles (malleus, incus and stapes), which further amplify the sound energy and transmit it, via oval window, to the fluid-filled inner ear. At the inner ear, the mechanical vibration is converted into electric waves and transmitted as nerve signals that are interpreted by the brain as sounds. Mechanical properties of middle ear. The middle ear is an air-filled cavity that connects the outer ear canal to the labyrinth of the inner ear. This connection is established through the middle ear ossicels-malleus, incus and stapes. The malleus is attached to the TM by its handle; the incus bone lies in the middle between the malleus and the stapes while the footplate of the stapes is attached to the oval window of the inner ear. The middle ear cavity is also connected to the nasopharyngeal cavity through the Eustachian tube (Musiek and Baran, 2007). The Eustachian tube is important in maintaining an equal pressure on both sides of the TM and ventilation of the middle ear cavity. The tube also drain the middle ear into the nasopharynx (Channell, 2008). Figure 1 demonstrates schematic representation of the anatomy of the ear. When the sound pressure moves the TM the mallus and incus consequently move together as one unit around a pivotal point. In doing so, both bones act as a lever; the lever arm formed by the manubrium of the malleus is slightly longer than that of the incus (about 1:1.3 ratio). In turn, the rotation of the long process of the incus around its pivotal point leads to the back and forth (piston-like) movement of the stapes footplate in the oval window of the inner ear. The movement of the stapes footplate is directly proportional to the frequency and amplitude of the sound waves. This route of sound transmission is called the ossicular route. Acoustic route is another way of transmitting sound waves directly from the TM and the oval window to the cochlea. The direct acoustic stimulation of the oval and round windows, by passing the ossicles (acoustic route), plays a part in sound transmission In normal ears both routs are functioning but the upper hand is for the ossicular route (Voss, Ro sowski, Merchant, and Peake, 2007). From the above information, it appears that the middle ear plays important role in the hearing process. The middle ear mainly helps to correct the impedance mismatching between the air-filled middle ear and the fluid-filled cochlea and to transform the acoustic energy at the TM into mechanical energy that will eventually be transferred to the inner ear. The Impedance matching function of the middle ear is carried out by three mechanisms: the lever action of the ossicles of the middle ear, the area difference between the TM and the area of the stapes footplate, and the buckling of the curved TM. An outcome of these mechanisms is that the vibration obtained from the large area of the TM is focused to the much smaller oval window of the inner ear (21:1 area ratio), resulting in a differential pressure between the oval window connected to scala vestibuli and the round window connected to the scala tympani. This pressure differential is critical in maximizing the flow of sound energy and activation of the cochlear structures (Cummings, 2004). Accordingly, middle ear disorders are expected to affect the normal transmission of sound, resulting in conductive hearing loss (discussed below). An illustration of the anatomical structure of External, Middle and Inner ear. Modified from Medline Plus Medical Encyclopedia: Ear anatomy. In addition to correcting the impedance mismatch between the air-filled middle ear and the fluid-filled cochlea, the middle ear also protects the inner ear from loud sound via the acoustic reflex. This mainly occurs as a result of reflex contraction of the two middle ear muscles, the tensor tympani and the stapedius, in response to loud sound leading to increased stiffness of the oscicular chain, and hence diminished sound transmission (Allen, Jeng, and Levitt, 2005). Given that the acoustic reflex mainly decreases the transmission of low frequency sounds thus, it improves speech discrimination in loud, low-frequency noisy environments. Unfortunately, the reflex does not protect the ear against impulsive sounds as gun shots due to prolonged latency in muscle contraction (Lynch, Peake, and Rosowski, 1994). Pathophysiology of middle ear disorders To further understand the pathology of middle ear disorders, it is important to consider the middle ear system as a vibrating mechanical system. Such a system is composed of three elements: mass, stiffness, and friction. When the mass and stiffness components are equal, so-called resonant frequency of the middle ear, it is expected that the amplitude of vibration of the middle ear is at maximum. On the other hand, when there is an increase in the mass without change in stiffness or friction the resonant frequency is lowered and the amplitude of vibration is lowered at frequencies above the resonant frequency. In contrast, when there is an increase in the stiffness component of the middle ear the resonant frequency increases and the magnitude of vibration reduces for frequencies below the resonant frequency (Roeser, Valente, and Hosford-Dunn, 2000). Middle Ear Disorders are a variable group of pathological conditions that includes, for example, middle ear infection (Otitis Media with Effusion: OME), chronic otitis media with perforation of the TM, Eustachian Tube Dysfunction (ETD), ossicular disruption or dislocation and or/ otosclerosis. Such middle ear disorders may lead to conductive hearing loss due to their effects on mass, stiffness, and/or friction elements of the normal middle ear. Perforated TM is induced by chronic otitis media or trauma to the ear. As a result, the normal structure and the function of the TM are altered. The degree of hearing loss is directly related to the size of the perforation (Voss et al., 2000) The perforation leads to equalization of pressure on both sides of the membrane which consequently leads to disturbance of the ossicular route and hearing loss (Voss et al., 2000). Normally the inward movement of the stapes is followed by an outward movement at the round window (push and pull mechanism). In the presence of TM perforation, this push and pull mechanism of the ossicles is disturbed and the sound waves energy reaching the oval window is reduced. Ossicular dislocation usually follows a violent trauma to head or as a consequence of chronic otitis media and/or cholesteatoma. Disarticulation of the incudostapedial joint due to traffic accident was the most common pathlogy of ossicular disruption(Yetiser s, 2008). With the exception disruption due to chronic otitis media, the dislocation of the ossicles may or may not be accompanied by TM rupture. The injury results in loss of the impedance matching mechanism of the middle ear and a conductive hearing loss of about 40-60 dB (Merchant, Ravicz, and Rosowski, 1997). Otosclerosis is a progressive disease of bone resorption and reformation that affects bones derived from the otic capsule. The etiology of the disease is not fully understood. The disease leads to osteodystrophy and fixation of the stapes in the oval window. Among the most accepted eatiological factors is genetic factors and viral infection. Otosclerosis is characterized clinically by progressive hearing loss, tinnitus and vertigo (Menger and Tange, 2003). Both conductive and sensory neural hearing loss has been reported in otosclerotic patients (Ramsay and Linthicum, 1994). Otosclerosis may affect the cochlea and other parts of the labyrinth as well (Menger and Tange, 2003). The resulting fixation of the footplate of the stapes leads to increased stiffness of the ossicular chain early in the disease. Increased stiffness of the middle ear affects the transmission of low frequency sounds. At later stages of the disease, the bone starts to grow adding a mass effect. This increase in ma ss of the middle ear affects the transmission of high frequency sounds as well (Shahnaz and Polka, 1997). More disorders include inflammatory conditions of the middle ear such as otitis media (OM) and media with effusion (OME), chronic otitis media, and cholesteatoma. OM usually results from upper respiratory infections or allergies that lead to obstruction of the Eustachian tube (Channell, 2008). As a consequence, negative pressure develops in the middle ear resulting in otalgia due to stretching of the TM and mild hearing loss due to the increased stiffness of middle ear transmitting mechanism. If the negative pressure inside the middle ear is not relieved, a transudate accumulates inside the middle ear. The condition is then called OME. The hearing is further affected by the mass- friction effect. The degree of hearing loss depends on the type and the amount of the transudate. The combination of fluid and pressure in the middle ear was found to reduce TM movement at the umbo by 17 dB over the auditory frequency range (Dai, Wood, and Gan, 2008). Middle ear function measures Tuning fork testing. The tuning fork testing is one of the traditionally used qualitative hearing tests. They are used to examine the conductive component of hearing loss (external or middle ear pathology). Several tests have been descried including: Rinne, Schwabach, Bing, and Weber tests. For Rinne test, the vibrating tuning fork is held against the skull, usually on the mastoid process bone behind the ear to cause vibrations through the bones of the skull and inner ear. To cause vibrations in the air next to the ear, the vibrating fork is then held next to, but not touching, the ear. In the test the patient is asked to determine if the sound heard through the bone is louder or that heard through the air. The results of the test are categorized as positive, negative, or equivocal. A negative Rinne test is indicated when the sound is heard louder by bone conduction than by air conduction which suggests a conductive component of the hearing loss. Although Rinne test was found to be highly specific in one study; the same author has suggested that it should be carried out only as a pack up test for pure tone audiometry in audiological evaluation of hearing loss (Browning and Swan, 1988; Thijs and Leffers, 1989). The Schwabach tuning fork test compares patients bone conduc tion to the normal examiner. Bing tuning fork tests determines the presence or absence of the occlusion effect. Weber tunning fork test determines the type of a unilateral hearing loss. While Rinne test compares air conduction to bone conduction in the same patient. Although the tuning fork testing is easy and reliable; it is still a subjective test that depends on the response of the patient and the degree of hearing loss. Additional drawbacks are that tuning fork testing is a qualitative and not a quantitative test, and does not diagnose the etiology of the conductive hearing loss. Pure-tone Audiometry. Pure-tone Audiometry is a behavioral test that measures hearing threshold. The test has been used to diagnose type and degree of hearing loss for more than one hundred years. During test setting, the patient is subjected to different tones to test the hearing mechanisms via air-conduction and bone conduction. Typically, the normal level of pure tone audiogram air and bone conduction will lie between 0-15 dB HL for children and 0-25 dB HL for adults. According to Northern and Downs (1991), the degree of hearing loss can be classified in adults as (0-25 dB HL) within normal limits, Mild (26-40 dB HL), Moderate (41- 55 dB HL), Moderate-Severe (56-70), Severe (71-90 dB HL) or Profound (91 + dB HL) hearing loss. In children it is classified as normal (0-15 dB HL), Slight (15-25 dB HL), Mild (25-30 dB HL), Moderate (30-50 dB HL), Severe (50-70 dB HL), Profound (70 + dB HL) hearing loss. This classification is applied to PTA of 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz (Roeser et al, 2000). Different types of hearing loss are interpreted by comparing air conduction thresholds to bone conduction thresholds. When the air conduction threshold elevated to a maximum around 60-70 dB HL in the presence of normal bone conduction threshold, this type of hearing loss is called conductive hearing loss. In sensorineural hearing loss the pure tone audiogram shows both air and bone conduction thresholds are elevated and with a 10 dB HL or less in between. Mixed hearing loss displays elevation in both air and bone conduction thresholds, but with the bone conduction threshold at better intensities than the air conduction by 10 dB HL or more. In both conductive and mixed hearing loss, the difference in air and bone conduction thresholds is called air-bone gap; and it represents the amount of conductive hearing loss present (Roeser et al, 2000). The use of pure-tone audiometry provides quantitative information regarding the degree and type of hearing loss. However, it does not diagnose the cause of hearing loss and cannot be used in infants, young children, and difficult-to-test subject. Mannina (1997) reported that the diagnosis of middle ear disorders in school-aged children is less efficient when using pure-tone audiometry alone. To improve the diagnosis of middle ear disorder, Yockel (2001) demonstrated that the addition of tympanometry to audiometry does improve the diagnosis of OME than using audiometry alone. Assessing Middle ear function is a very important step in early diagnosis and treatment of conductive hearing loss. Since the usually used subjective tests, the tuning-fork and pure tone audiometry, cannot identify the etiology of underlying middle ear disease, other objective measures such as acoustic immittance are needed for differential diagnosis and accurate diagnosis of specific middle ear disorders. Acoustic Immittance. Several objective measurements of middle ear function have been developed over the last four decades. Various anatomical structures of the middle ear represent complex network system that affects the sound presented to the ear. Not all the sound represented to the middle ear is delivered to the cochlea, but some of the power is absorbed by the bony structure of the middle ear (Zwislocki, 1982). Acoustic Immittance using tympanometry assess the middle ear status by measuring the transmitted sound energy to the middle ear. Acoustic Immittance provides objective information about the mechanical transfer function in the outer and middle ear. Acoustic Immittance is defined, as the velocity with which an objects moves in proportional to an applied force, while Acoustic Impedance (Za) is the opposition offered by middle ear and the TM to the flow of energy. Mathematically acoustic admittance (Ya) of a system is the reciprocal of impedance. Acoustic Immittance refers collectively to acoustic admittance, acoustic impedance or both (Tympanometry. ASHA Working Group on Aural Acoustic-Immittance Measurements Committee on Audiologic Evaluation, 1988). Investigators have found that abnormalities in the middle ear transmission might be reflected in the acoustic condition of the TM (Allen et al, 2005). Acoustic Immittance can be measured to single probe-tone frequency (single frequency tympanometry) or to series of multiple probe frequencies (multifrequency tympanometry). Single frequency tympanometry. Tympanometry is one of the earliest objective methods used to evaluate middle ear function. Tympanometry measures the acoustic immittance of the middle ear as a function of changing the air pressure in the ear canal. A single probe tone tympanometry is the conventional measure of middle ear function in response to low frequency probe tone, 226 Hz, under varying static air pressure. Evaluation of the acoustic immittance of normal and different middle ear disorders was done by Otto Metz, 1946, and confirmed later by Feldman, 1963 (Katz, 2009) In 1970, James Jerger began to incorporate immittance measurement into the routine audiological evaluation. Jerger classified tympanograms as type A, B, or C depending on the shape of the tympanogram (with or without peak) and location of the peak when present. Type A is the normal tympanogram with the peak at or near the atmospheric pressure (+25 to -100 daPa). Type A is further divided into subtypes Ad and As for high and low peaked type A tympanograms respectively (Feldman, 1976). Type B tympanogram has no peak and relates to middle ear effusion, infection with normal ear canal volume, or due to large TM perforation with large ear canal volume. Type C is a negatively shifted tympanogram that reflects Eustachian tube dysfunction, a precursor of serous OM, mostly evolved from type B (Katz, 2009). Since 1970, single frequency Tympanometry is the conventional clinical middle ear measure because it is a non-invasive, objective, and cheap indicator of many middle ear pathologies in children and adults. Unfortunately, low frequency probe tone tympanometry has high false negatives in infants younger than seven months (Holte, Margolis, and Cavanaugh, 1991). This is explained by the movement of the infants ear canal wall with pressure changes in the external ear canal due to immaturity of the bony part of the external auditory canal. In addition, tympanometry was found to be relatively insensitive to many lesions that affect the ossicular chain of the middle ear (Lilly, 1984). Furthermore, Keefe and Levi (1996) reported false positive tympanometry results compared to energy reflectance, a recent middle ear function measure. They found normal middle ear energy reflectance at higher frequencies in infants with flat low probe tone tympanometry. Multifrequency tympanometry. Multifrequency Tympanometry (MFT), which was first introduced by Colletti in 1976, measures middle ear impedance using multiple frequency probe tones ranging from 226-Hz to 500 Hz and up to 2000 Hz (Colletti,1976) . Similar to previous discussion about the three elements of the mechanical system of the middle ear, admittance of the middle ear has three components: stiffness (compliant susceptance), mass susceptance and conductance (resistance). A tympanometric pattern was developed by Vanhuyse and colleagues in 1975 that helped in interpreting the underlying middle ear pathology using MFT. The Vanhuyse tympanometric pattern is based on the assumption of the shapes and locations of reactance (X) and resistance (R) tympanograms. Using a conversion equation the model can predict the shapes of susceptance (B) and conductance (G) tympanograms. Vanhuyse et al proposed four normal patterns: 1B1G, 3B1G, 3B3G, and 5B3G as shown in Figure 2. 1B1G pattern is the normal tympanogram with a one susceptance (B) and one conductance (G) peak. It occurs when reactance (X) is negative and its absolute value is greater than resistance (R) at all pressure used (the ear stiffness is controlled). As the probe frequency increases the curve becomes more complex and notched. 3BIG model has three peaks of susceptance (B) and one conductance (G) peak. It represent negative reactance (X) with an absolute value greater than resistance (R) at low pressur e and smaller than resistance (R) at high pressure. The third model (3B3G) appears when the ear is mass-controlled. In 3B3G model the reactance is positive and less than resistance (X R) at low pressure and becoming negative at high pressure (Margolis, Saly, and Keefe, 1999). Figure 2. A graphic presentation of the model presented by Vanhuyse, Creten and Van Camp (1975). The resistance (R) , negative resistance (-R) and the reactance (X) tympanograms is shown in the upper left corner of each panel. Negative R is shown to compare the magnitude of the reactance X. The corresponding admittance (Y), (lower left corner), susceptance (B), (upper right corner) and conductance (G), (lower right corner) are also shown in each panel. Four patterns are presented and classified according to the number of extrema in the susceptance B and conductance G tympanograms. The pattern (1B1G) in panel one shows both susceptance and conductance have single extrema and reactance is negative. The pattern (3B1G) in panel two shows conductance G is single peaked with three extrema in susceptance B, reactance X is still negative but its absolute value is greater than resistance at high pressure. The pattern (3B3G) in panel three shows three extrema in susceptance B, conductance G, and admitta nce Y tympanograms, reactance Y is positive but less than resistance R . The pattern (5B3G) in panel four shows five extrema in susceptance B tympanogram and three extrema in conductance G, and admittance Y tympanograms, reactance Y is positive and greater than resistance R at low pressure. Because of the use of measuring middle ear function to several probe tone frequency, MFT is considered superior to single frequency tympanometry in detecting high impedance pathological conditions of the middle ear such as middle ear effusion, otosclerosis, and cholesteatoma. Such pathological conditions were not detected by conventional tympanometry (Colletti, 1976, Keefe and Levi, 1996, Shahnaz et al 2009). Several studies have shown that MFT has higher sensitivity and specificity in detecting middle ear pathologies such as TM mass or adhesions (Margolis, Schachern, and Fulton, 1998). Also, MFT is more sensitive than single frequency tympanometry in identifying normal and abnormal middle ear condition in neonates (Shahnaz, Miranda, and Polka, 2008). However, MFT is of limited clinical use for several reasons: long testing time, limited frequency range, and unreliable data above 1000 Hz (Allen et al, 2005). The use of wideband energy reflectance is shown to address the above limitat ions of MFT. Wideband energy reflectance. The wideband energy reflectance (WBER) is a new technique that has been introduced recently to evaluate middle ear dysfunction (Keefe, Ling, and Bulen, 1992). Simply the idea of WBER is that incident sound to the ear is transmitted through the ear canal and TM, some of this sound energy is absorbed through the middle ear and cochlea and part of it is reflected back (Figure 3). The energy reflectance (ER) is defined as the square magnitude of pressure reflectance ÂÂ ¦R(f) ÂÂ ¦2, which represents the ratio of the sound energy reflected from the TM to the incident sound energy at frequency (f). ER ratio ranges from one to zero (1.0 = all incident sound energy is reflected, and 0.0 = all sound energy is absorbed) (Allen et al, 2005). ER is an indicator of the middle ear power to transfer sound (Feeney, Grant, and Marryott, 2003). Energy reflectance (ER) measurers middle ear function over a wide band of frequencies (0.2- 8 kHz). ER is the ratio of the reflected energy (red arrow) to the incident energy (yellow arrow). When all incident sound energy is reflected back ER ratio equals one. When all incident sound energy is absorbed ER equals zero. Red arrow represents reflected sound energy; yellow arrow represents incident sound energy; green arrow represent absorbed sound energy. Modified from Medline Plus Medical Encyclopedia: Ear anatomy. WBER measures middle ear function using a chirp stimulus at 65 dB SPL over a wide frequency range, typically 0.2 to 8 kHz and at fixed ambient pressure (Feeney et al, 2003) . Normative data has shown that most incident acoustic power is reflected back to the ear canal (ER ratio closes to 1) at frequency range below 1 kHz or above 10 kHz that also show poor hearing threshold or at frequencies below 1 kHz and above 4 kHz (less efficient middle ear function) (Keefe, Bulen, Arehart, and Burns, 1993). More specifically, 50% of the acoustic power is transmitted to the middle ear between 1-5 kHz frequency range, indicating that the most effective middle ear transfer function (ER is at its lowest values, closer to one) occurs around 1-5 kHz (Allen et al, 2005; Keefe et al, 1993; Schairer, Ellison, Fitzpatrick, and Keefe, 2007). WBER has been used in measuring normal middle ear function and middle ear disorders using ambient pressure (Allen et al, 2005; Feeney et al, 2003; Shahnaz et al., 2009). In other studies the researchers used pressure to measure the acoustic stapedial reflex (Feeney and Sanford, 2005; Schairer et al, 2007). Development of the middle ear in infants was also investigated using WBER (Keefe and Abdala, 2007; Keefe e al, 1993; Keefe and Levi, 1996). Wideband energy reflectance in neonatal screening Keefe et al. (1993) and Keefe and Levi (1996) reported that the acoustic response properties of the external and middle ear varies significantly over the first 2 years of life. These changes, mostly physical changes, are responsible for the mass-dominant infants middle ear system with lower resonant frequency. The main components of this mass-dominant effect is the pars flaccida of the TM, ossicles, and perilymph in the cochlea (Van Camp, Margolis, Wilson, Creten, and Shanks, 1986). The mesenchyme in infants middle ear may add to the mass effect (Meyer, Jardine, and Deverson, 1997). This is completely in contrast to adults middle ear, which is a stiffness-dominant system at low frequency (Holte et al, 1991; Keefe and Levi, 1996). The TM, tendons and ligaments, the space between the mastoid and the middle ear cavity, and the viscosity of the perilymph and the mucous lining of the middle ear cavity constitute the stiffness component of the middle ear (Van Camp, Margolis, Wilson, Creten , and Shanks, 1986). Recently, Shahnaz (2008) have compared MFT and WBER findings between normal adults and normal-hearing neonates in the neonatal intensive care units (NICU), who passed the neonatal hearing screening test. The researcher found maximum absorption of the incident energy at narrower range of frequencies (1.2 2.7 kHz) in normal babies compared to adults (2.8 4.8 kHz) (Shahnaz, 2008; Shahnaz et al, 2008). This preliminary normative data from 49 neonatal ears reflects the potential diagnostic benefits of the WBER test in detecting middle ear effusion in neonates. Wideband energy reflectance in otosclerosis Although the main definitive diagnosis of Otosclerosis is during surgery, an accurate preoperative audiological diagnosis is very important indication for surgery. Still, pure-tone audiometry has its own limitations that prevent accurate diagnosis of otosclerosis. Also, standard 226 Hz tympanometry is usually within normal type A tympanogram in most otosclerotic patients (Jerger, Anthony, Jerger, and Mauldin, 1974). While multiple frequency tempanometry may be helpful in diagnosing otosclerosis, it adds little information to the diagnosis (Probst, 2007). On the other hand, the WBER responses in three ears of otosclerosis fell outside the 5th to 95th percentile of the normative data and presented a distinctive pattern for the disease (Feeney et al, 2003); which suggests that WEBR is a sensitive middle ear measure. In a recent study WBER was found to be helpful in distinguishing 28 otosclerotic ears from normal and/or other causes of conductive hearing loss. A significantly higher ER w as found in otosclerotic ears at frequency range of 0.4- 1 kHz as compared to normal ears. In the same study WBER was found to be more sensitive in diagnosing otosclerosis than the conventional 226 Hz tympanometry and the MFT (Shahnaz et al., 2009). Wideband energy reflectance in other middle ear pathology Hunter and colleagues (2008) found higher sensitivity of WBER in detecting otitis media in infants and children with cleft palate (Hunter, Bagger-Sjoback, and Lundberg, 2008). Feeney and colleagues in 2003 studied WBER at ambient pressure in 13 ears with different middle ear disorders and comparative normal. Different middle ear disorders were involved in this study included: four ears with OME, one ear with ossicular discontinuity, two ears with otosclerosis, two ears with hypermobile TM, two ears with perforated TM, and one participant with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. The results suggested a distinctive WBE

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Lets Stop Glorifying Drugs in Music Videos Essay -- Argumentative Per

Let's Stop Glorifying Drugs in Music Videos The music industry and the glorification of drugs in music video's today have changed drastically on a higher level. Since the powerful influence of Hip-Hop and it's emergence into a worldwide culture, it has sweep through inner cites and suburban life styles impacting each and everyone of us. The Hip-Hop culture, not only as a form of free poetic expression (form of spoken word and poetry,) by young black African Americans but a true look into a way of life that many of us will never see or come in contact with. We see it everyday on MTV and BET, young artists speaking their minds about getting rich off criminal activities that seem to boost there popularity among generations of all ages. I'm not saying that this is all that these artists are capable of producing, many have verbal skills beyond that of any other normal human being. I feel that they are more important things to talk about and express other than "rolling up tree's and crack sales." In my own personal opinion this only makes you look and sound like a ... Let's Stop Glorifying Drugs in Music Videos Essay -- Argumentative Per Let's Stop Glorifying Drugs in Music Videos The music industry and the glorification of drugs in music video's today have changed drastically on a higher level. Since the powerful influence of Hip-Hop and it's emergence into a worldwide culture, it has sweep through inner cites and suburban life styles impacting each and everyone of us. The Hip-Hop culture, not only as a form of free poetic expression (form of spoken word and poetry,) by young black African Americans but a true look into a way of life that many of us will never see or come in contact with. We see it everyday on MTV and BET, young artists speaking their minds about getting rich off criminal activities that seem to boost there popularity among generations of all ages. I'm not saying that this is all that these artists are capable of producing, many have verbal skills beyond that of any other normal human being. I feel that they are more important things to talk about and express other than "rolling up tree's and crack sales." In my own personal opinion this only makes you look and sound like a ...

Monday, November 11, 2019

Physical abuse and mental abuse

Physical abuse and mental abuse exist in a lot of relationships today. Many relationships fall apart due to the level of abuse that is present in the relationship Abuse has many forms. Abuse can be physical, mental, and emotional as well. Abuse can scar a person for life and is very dangerous. It is important to identify abuse in its early stages and to combat its effect and leave the relationship immediately or seek counseling immediately to resolve the issue. Physical abuse is a very dangerous thing.Physical abuse in a relationship should not be tolerated. If physical abuse is tolerated in a relationship it can lead to severe injuries or sometimes even death. Growing up as a child I was a part of physical, mental, and emotional abuse. The first time I saw my father hit my mother was when I was about 9 years old. We were living in New Haven Conneticut. It was about 8 in the morning. My dad had punched my mom in the mouth. It really had its effects on me mentally and emotionally.Seei ng my mother being abused affected me mentally and emotionally by not being able to do anything about it and felling helpless. I was in constant panic when he would raise his voice not knowing if he was going to be violent or attack my mother or my brothers and sisters. Seeing what happened as a child and what I was exposed to hindered me. The effects it put on me causes a lot of problems also for me today. It affects the way I interact with people in personal relationships and social relationships.Conflict and abuse affects a lot of people today in many ways and can cause people to become anti social and withdrawing. Conflict and abuse has become a very familiar thing. There are a lot of movies that demonstrates conflict and abuse and the many affects that it has on the people that are suffering from it. I learned a lot of great things from the reading. I learned that abuse has many different forms and is practiced or experienced in many relationships all over the world. I the read ing was very interesting and agree with its content.I will apply what I learned by help bring awareness to the affect that abuse has on relationships to people close to me and I will also continue to be aware myself. I will also try to avoid conflict even more in my relationships. I could use this information to help others by giving then the information that was giving to me and I believe that they will relate to a lot of things that they will read and help them to see that they are not alone. Conflict and abuse is very dangerous and should be avoided by any means. If it is not avoided, it can lead to many harmful affects.

Friday, November 8, 2019

David Harvey about capitalism

David Harvey about capitalism Introduction David Harvey has brought capitalism under fire by pin pointing out some of the oversights in the system. This article briefly names some of the arguments which Harvey has presents in explaining how capitalism has failed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on David Harvey about capitalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More David Harvey’ Arguments Harvey believes that there is a need to develop a system that is humane, just and responsible implying that capitalism system lacks these virtues. Harvey argues that capitalism enhances a frailty by cultivating â€Å"predatory instincts, instincts fort mastery, delusion of investors, and greed† (Harvey 1). Harvey also feels that financial institutions have failed by not taking necessary remedial measures whenever required. As a result of this, Harvey is of the opinion that financial institutions should be reconfigured globally through global efforts. Harvey also believes that people have been obsessed with a false theory rooted in market efficiency. Harvey also discusses the issue of cultural origin and the role that culture has played around the world. For instance in France there is a belief among the French that the problem of capitalism is an anglosaxon disease while in other areas there are those who feel that the problem has nothing to do with them. There is much pointing of fingers around the globe with some claiming that it is a disciplinary action for the US (Harvey 1). There is a problem with the policy as it has also failed. Regulation of banks has failed and when done it is done wrongly. This has left the capitalism system to run unchecked. Harvey has argued that there was a failure to point out the systematic risk. Harvey sums this as â€Å"internal contradiction of capital accumulation† (Harvey 1). Harvey explains further that the system has a lot of faeces from the system and how we come out of the problem is det ermined by how we came out of the last one, the problems is that the last problem was relative not the same as the problem faced currently. Back in the 1970s, the problem was too much power in labor in reference to capital. The problem with excessive power within the labor system was solved by outsourcing tasks to overseas regions in India, China among other regions. However, this time round the problem lies with the presence of too much capital for financing. Harvey explains that since the 1970 there has been wage repression implying that what reaches at the bottom is very little compared to what remains up there within the business organizations. Harvey further claims that wages have become the means of making payments for goods. The banks are viewed to have taken advantage of this situation through creating credit cards among other means. Harvey argues that capitalism does not actually solve any problem but rather turns them round (Harvey 1).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Harvey brings the media under fire through what he describes as skilled writers. He seems to suggest that the media has been missing some point by just coming up with creative stories especially from Marxists perspectives in explanation of the failures of capitalism. Harvey seems to suggest that even the media is caught up in this confusion and has so far not been able to pin point the problem with capitalism (Harvey 1). Conclusively, Harvey argues against capitalism because it enhances greedy, is not responsible and not just. The system is just a channel for some few to increasingly become empowered financial wise as the labor is continuously deprived and the financers continuously become empowered. Harvey makes an appeal for a movement against capitalism. Work Cited Harvey, David. Crises of Capitalism. RSA Animate, 2011. Web. Web. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOP2V _np2c0

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

buy custom Ethics essay

buy custom Ethics essay Ethics is one of the basic and integral branches of philosophy, which has the prospective to solicit to address questions about morality. The thing which has been gauge from the ethics includes the determination of the moral outcome, and the way people abide by such ethics. Our main focus in this study to look over an unethical behavior of a medical associate. Discussion: Mary is working in a medical records department and just lost her ICD-9-CM codebook. It we take this scenario beside that she is our friend. The conduction made by Mary shows her carelessness and according to the Nursing Code o Ethics, it is the most unethical action which is being held by her. International Classification of Disease (ICD) -9-Clinical Modification codebook is not only a book. It provides a variety of information about many of the diseases, and it is a duty of the medical associate to take care of this book like, the one care for any sort of gem (Parr, 2004). The action conducted by Mary is a vague and provide that she is not completely playing fair to her job and patients. The book does not only provide her the information about different diseases, but also teach that how to stay in the place. Lost of a book will also take a deep account on her associates, such as the facility or doctors she works for, as well her colleagues. Conclusions: The thing which will take a grave impact is the transfer of right information about the diseases in the record book, as she has lost her book, she will face many difficulties in her work. After this Mary has to work on her previous experience, and guidelines taken from her seniors. She is also taking accounts from the ICD-8 codebook, but the old manual cannot provider her, the latest and innovative information about the new diseases comes after the issuance of ICD-9 codebook. All we can say that by this action Mary has put her in a grave apprehension. Buy custom Ethics essay

Monday, November 4, 2019

United States Supreme Court and the Constitution Essay

United States Supreme Court and the Constitution - Essay Example McCloskeys’ thesis is that the decisions of the United States Supreme Court lean congruently with popular American opinion. Some historians have put forth the administrative argument that Chief Justice John Marshall was the first Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, albeit belies the historical facts. (John Jay from New York was appointed by George Washingron as the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of February 15, 1790. Chief Justice Jay was not pleased that he was required to ride circuit and subsequently resigned after a little more than one year (March 5, 1791). The second Chief Justice was also appointed by George Washington, was John Rutledge of South Carolina. Rutledge was tapped to fill the vacancy created by John Jay’s resignation and this appointment occurred during a Congressional recess. When the nomination of Rutledge was presented to the newly convened Congress, they rejected Rutledge’s nomination, primarily based on his pro- sla very positions taken during the Philadelphia Constitutional convention. The third Chief Justice of official record, also nominated by George Washington, was Elliott Ellsworth of Connecticut. Albeit Chief Justice Ellsworth was one of the delegates at the convention in Philadelphia, after he served for four years, he was concerned about the transient court which had no permanent address and the courts image.)... Chief Justice of official record, also nominated by George Washington, was Elliott Ellsworth of Connecticut. Albeit Chief Justice Ellsworth was one of the delegates at the convention in Philadelphia, after he served for four years, he was concerned about the transient court which had no permanent address and the courts image.) The United States Supreme Court did not attain permanence and prestige until the position was assumed by the fourth Chief Justice John Marshall, who truly personified the constitutional concept of permanence and stability, as he sat on the bench from 1801 -1835. During the Marshall era, the Supreme Court was declared the supreme arbiter of the constitution. The first case heard by the court was Marbury v. Madison. In this case Marbury was being denied his commission as the Secretary of the Treasure and he petitioned the Marshall court to grant a writ of mandamus. In his majority opinion, Chief Justice Marshall said that while Marbury was entitled to the commission, the Supreme Court did not have the power to issue a writ of mandamus. This was because the Judiciary Act of 1789, the act written by Congress which authorized the Supreme Court to issue such writs, was unconstitutional. Thus, the court gave up the power to issue writs, but affirmed their power of judicial review, saying that, "if a law written by the legislature conflicts with the constitution, the law is "null and void". (Marbury v Madison) In this case the Marshall court consummated the system of checks and balances. In McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) the Marshall court reached a unanimous decision that upheld the authority of Congress to establish a national bank. Chief Justice Marshall

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Discuss the rationale and impact of the decision on company law Essay - 1

Discuss the rationale and impact of the decision on company law - Essay Example The case and its subsequent ruling were significant in informing successive laws that would help mitigate on the numerous dispute arising from business engagement. The doctrine of corporate identity for example exempts the shareholders of an insolvent company from any case by creditors since the company becomes the defendant in such cases. Mr. Aron Salomon ran a successful shoe manufacturing in the United Kingdom. The boot manufacturing business was a major success thus enticing his sons who expressed interest in joining the business. As such, Mr. Salomon turned his business into a limited company, which then purchased his previous business at a cost of  £39,000. Mr. Salomon became the company’s largest shareholder after he purchased 20,001 shares of the company’s 20,007 shares. Additionally, he loaned the company  £10,000. Unfortunately, subsequent years became unfavorable for the business thus causing massive loses for the company. The government, which was the company’s major customer, withdrew its tender thereby leading to a massive decline of the company’s revenue. The company therefore began defaulting on the  £10,000 debenture it owed Salmon. Half of the debenture belonged to Broderip who the sued the company thus forcing the government to put the company under liquidation. The company paid Broderip his  £5,000 but this left the company at an unstable position since it could not pay the other unsecured creditors. The company failed to reimburse the unsecured creditors. The liquidator concluded that the government should not honor the floating charge. Such an action would make Salmon personally responsible for the debt. Salmon contested the decision in court thus instigating a lengthy court battle that would reform the country’s company law. At the end of the length court cases that ended up at the House of Lords, the lawmakers appreciated the fact that a company is independent and therefore a separate legal entity. In cases

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Cultural Critique Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cultural Critique - Research Paper Example Given that women make up over a half of the human population and give their huge and increasing contributions to every sector of the development the trampling on their rights is not only a great shame, but an unfortunate indictment of the civilized society throughout the world. The subjugation of women’s rights begins right at home. Women are expected to take the lead in taking care of children at home. They are the ones who have to give up their career for at least a significant amount of time in order to ensure the well-being of their new-born babies. Women bear the brunt of child-bearing, an experience still fraught with significant health dangers, especially in the under-developed a countries where a large number of women lose their lives during the birth process. In the family upbringing is meant to be a shared duty for both parents, a lot of the times the woman is still expected to be the one to give up her time and career prospects in order to raise the children. In mar riages, women also bear the brunt of domestic violence; in over 90% of cases reported the women are the victims. In the UK, for instance, one in 4 women aged 16-59 have experienced domestic abuse and 50% of these have also been raped (Women's Health& Equality Consortium 3). In cases of single mothers, women end up playing the role of both mother and father despite the fact that the conception of the child is a shared process. In education too women are at a disadvantage, especially in the developing and underdeveloped world where cultural attitudes and poverty dictate that the education of the girl-child is given less of a priority than that of the boy child. The common perception is that educating the girl only ends up benefitting the family where she will end up getting married into.This means that when a family has to prioritize who gets a chance for education, the girl child is always disadvantaged. In the lower basic education levels, thus, even though the developed countries h ave managed to more or less equalize the schooling of girls and boys, this is not the case in the majority of the rest of the world. A large proportion of women in Africa, Asia, and even the Eastern European states are still greatly disadvantaged when it comes to educational opportunities. When the girls find their way to school, they are still discriminated against when it comes to certain courses of studies. In many countries there are still beliefs that women are somehow not as proficient as men in such fields as sciences, architecture, medicine, engineering, math, and other â€Å"brain taxing† studies which leads to stereotyping of the kinds of courses that women end up taking at school. At the high end of the education ladder too, women still find a glass ceiling when it comes to postgraduate and doctoral studies. In American Universities, for example, despite the fact that 53% of the students are women, 72% of the faculty are men, many of them in tenured positions while the women mostly have untenured or part time positions (Penn State University). The workplace is the one place where women are still very disadvantaged in both the developed and the underdeveloped world. Women face disadvantages and discrimination in getting senior and management jobs, they never get equal pay for equal work with

Monday, October 28, 2019

Educating Rita Essay Example for Free

Educating Rita Essay The speech – question (do the pathways into new worlds offer problems or possibilities? ) What we call the beginning is often the end. And to make an end is to make a beginning. The end is where we start from. Good morning Teachers Year 12. In this speech, I will be focusing on how Willy Russel’s play Educating Rita and Bruce Dawe’s poem â€Å"Easy does it,† emphasise the notion that pathways into new worlds offer problems and possibilities. From the outset of the play, the idea of moving into new worlds offering problems and possibilities is clearly evident. Before we even see Rita, a connection is made regarding the difficulties of moving into a new world, demonstrated through a metaphor, which reveals her difficulties in getting through the door. Rita hopes that the Open University will allow her to forge a better life for herself, as she aims to â€Å"discover meself. † From the opening scene, Russell establishes the differences between Rita and frank, in terms of the language they use and the way they talk and act. Rita’s language is informal and colloquial, whereas frank’s is formal, illustrating the gaps between the lower class and middle class. However, even from this early scene, Rita expresses her overriding wish – she wants to ‘know everything,’ emphasising the fact that new worlds, indeed, offer possibilities. Rita and frank both want more than the world offers. Frank dislikes his job and his students, and confesses that he is ‘an appalling teacher’. Rita, on the other hand feels trapped in her current life, because of the expectations placed on her by her working – class friends and husband, who believe that she should settle down and start having a family. However, Rita is not prepared to do this and her quest for an education brings her into conflict with her husband Denny, revealing how the pathways into new worlds may undoubtedly contain problems and drawbacks. Eventually, when Denny makes Rita decide between education and him, she chooses education and makes another significant step ‘into the world’. Rita’s desire to move into the world is seen in other ways. Her desire to move out of the room and join the ‘proper student’ on the lawn, and her attempts to open frank’s window are indicators to her desire to move into the world. She finally achieves this, and is able not only to converse with the other student, but able to pass her examination. Similarly, in Bruce Dawe’s â€Å"easy does it† explores similar themes to Educating Rita. The central concern of the poem is the care that the speaker believes must be taken with his boy as he learns about language and moves into the world. This concern echoes frank’s concern that Rita will lose her â€Å"uniqueness† as she makes her way into a new world full of rules and regulation. This demonstrates that sometimes pathways into the world offer possibilities which come at a personal cost. The speaker in this poem, presumably Bruce Dawe, is a father who is concerned about his son losing his wonderment in the world and in language as he grows older and learns â€Å"correct English† I have to be careful with my boy. When he says tree it comes out hazy Very green and friendly and before I’ve got The meaning straight he’s up there laughing in it From the boy’s perspective, language is a living thing and the speaker’s ultimate fear is that by imposing the â€Å"stone gaze of grammar† (this is a personification Julie ) he will forever ‘petrify’ the wonder of the language. This is similar to the presentation of into the world that we encounter in educating Rita. Rita questions everything in the fashion of a curious kid writing on her in case she should lose her fresh perspectives The speaker’s word act as a self- imposed warning, a remainder of the dangers of ‘correct English forever’. Moving into the adult world is full of rewards and satisfaction, but we must be careful not to lose ourselves, to lose our spontaneity and freshness. It is this loss if spontaneity that Dawe warns against when he talks of turning his boy ‘into a sort of Sunday visitor at the lakeside’ a spectator rather than a participant in the fluidity of language and life. Dawe uses a variety of techniques in his poem, and most of these are employed to highlight the theme of taking care as we move into wider worlds. The poem is a free verse composition, following no regular rhyming or rhythmic patterns (Dawe himself has not been trapped by the ‘stone gaze of grammar’). The use of first person throughout the poem makes it more personal and highlights Dawe’s concern for his boy, and the consistent use of personal pronouns helps to make the poem sound more conversational. Finally, Dawe’s repetition of the idea â€Å" I have to be careful with my boy keeps this theme uppermost in responders’ minds If you’ve been paying attention to my speech, you will have seen how the concept of ‘ into the world’ is clearly demonstrated, by examining text such as educating rita, and the poem ‘ easy does it’. In different ways, all of these text show people mature and develop as a result of going into the world