Operation Barbarossa essays

Operation Barbarossa essays At the height of his power, Adolf Hitler had the world by the throat. His reign of terror was known in every country around the globe. His strengths as a leader were based mainly in politics; charisma mixed with intelligence. People would follow his lead, run blindly into battle, commit atrocities the likes of which the world had never seen, and not think twice about it. An uncanny ability to sway millions to follow, does not however constitute ability as a military general. Hitlers eventual decline begun with the invasion of Russia, code named "Operation Barbarossa". After this military blunder, the tide of the war began to sway, and the power of Nazi Germany decreased with each passing day. Why did Operation Barbarossa fail so terribly? Hitlers generals had tried desperately to talk him out of it, but he was convinced Russia would fall to the Werhmarcht (German Army). Breaking his non-aggression pact with Stalin, to invade Russia was the most costly mistake Hitler ever made. It se ems that fate is not without irony, as it would be the advancing Russians that eventually brought Germany to its knees. The ultimate ideological goal for Operation Barbarossa was to destroy Communist Russia, but Germanys original intent for invading Russia was to gain control of the oil and wheat regions in the Crimea territory. At this point in the war shortages of petrol, oil, and lubricants were hindering German war efforts. The strategy for invasion however was flawed with many lapses, and uncertainties. The German Army High Command, the German Armed Forces High Command, and even Hitler himself had contradictory ideas. This combined to lead to a number of blunders, unresolved conflicts, and unmet objectives. Hitler was basing his invasion on his delusional belief that the bulk of the Soviet forces could be trapped and destroyed by the time his armies reached the Dneiper River. He also was certain that Stalins "Great ...

Arab-Israeli War of 1973 Essay Example for Free (#1973)

Arab-Israeli War of 1973 Essay The Arab-Israeli War was an armed conflict initiated by the Arab nations of Egypt and Syria against Israel on October 6, 1973 in an effort to reclaim territories that Israel had controlled since the Six Day War of 1967. The date holds special significance to the Jewish calendar, being Yom Kippur, hence this war is also known as the Yom Kippur War. Though Israel was caught by surprise and experienced severe losses during the war, assistance from the United States military led to a cease-fire less than three weeks later. In the aftermath, Israel retained its territories and its aftermath had far ranging effects on the geopolitics of the Middle East. First, the victory of Israel had an uplifting effect on its population. Its military had been seen to have grown largely complacent following the Six Day War. However, despite initial defeats, they managed a successful turnaround of the Yom Kippur War’s outcome. As such, despite the surprise advantage of Egypt and Syria they had regained the upper hand in less than two weeks, though at a high cost in casualties. In effect, Israel woke up to the reality that their military supremacy in the region was not absolute. (Rabinovich 498) Second, by granting support to Israel, the United States invited the ire of oil-producing Arab states. This manifested itself in the actions of Saudi Arabia, which not only reduced its oil production but declared an embargo against the United States. Saudi Arabia was later joined by other oil-producing Arab states and together they extended their embargo against other import dependent nations in Western Europe as well as Japan. The result was the 1973 energy crisis that sent oil prices spiraling past $60 per barrel and close to $100 per barrel in 1979. (Smith 329) Third, on the geopolitical front, enemy states of Israel concluded in the aftermath that they could not defeat it by force, and thus turned towards diplomatic tactics in antagonizing it. The effect was that many African and Third World nations, under pressure from the Arab states, broke their diplomatic ties to Israel. Works Cited No author. â€Å"The 1973 Yom Kippur War. † Anti-Defamation League, 1999. Retrieved September 24, 2008 from: http://www. adl. org/ISRAEL/record/yomkippur. asp Smith, Charles. Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict. New York, NY: Bedford, 2006. Rabinovich, Abraham. The Yom Kippur War: The Epic Encounter That Transformed the Middle eAst. New York, NY: Shocken Books, 2005. Rabinovich, Abraham [2005]. The Yom Kippur War: The Epic Encounter That Transformed the Middle East. New York, NY: Schocken Books. ISBN 0 8052 4176 0. Charles D. Smith, Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, New York: Bedford, 2006, p. 329. Arab-Israeli War of 1973. (2016, Aug 16).

A Comparison of Probation and Parole Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Comparison of Probation and Parole - Assignment Example 1). From the definitions, it could be deduced that probation and parole share similarities in terms of serving time periods outside of incarceration, usually in the community; but differ in terms of time of application, where â€Å"probation occurs prior to and often instead of jail or prison time, while parole is an early release from prison† (Advice Company par. 1). There are similarities between probation and parole in terms of influencing behavioural changes and serving the best interests of the community, to wit: â€Å"both are concerned with a defendant breaking the bad habits or behaviours that caused them to break the law. Even though both probation and parole have a strong rehabilitation component, each process has the additional goal of protecting the community† (Advice Company par. 8). Likewise, both involved supervision statutes that require, either active or inactive supervision, depending on the severity of the offence and on other mitigating factors (Bureau of Justice Statistics). On the other hand, the disparities between probation and parole are diverse. At the onset, through definition, the time of application spelt major difference where probation is recommended prior to incarceration; while parole is dispensed after some time has been served in jail. In addition, the supervising officers are different: a probation officer for the former and a parole officer for the latter. Also, conditions or subsequent changes in probation are noted to be within the jurisdiction of the court (Advice Company); while parole changes and conditions were reportedly set by the parole board (Advice Company). Concurrently, in terms of purpose or function, although both were noted to share similarities in behavioural intent and aiming to reduce the impact as well as incidence of crime in society, offenders who were given parole would face challenges in terms of reintegration due to the social stigma associated with criminal offenders who had been incarcerated.     

Thresher Sinking Atlantic Ocean (1963) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Thresher Sinking Atlantic Ocean (1963) - Essay Example The disaster is also blamed on an electrical fault that saw vital pumps stop working. Known to be the worst submarine accident in U.S. history, engineers have learnt a lot from the event. Engineers have learnt the importance of upholding standards and procedures, testing procured materials, and prioritizing safety over other factors when it comes to designing and building products. Sinking of the Thresher in the Atlantic Ocean in 1963 Introduction Engineers are credited for designing different machines, equipment and structures that serve to overcome certain specific problems. As they undertake their works, engineers go to great depths to ensure that whatever they design work as efficiently as possible. Understanding the risks that their designs may pose to the public and infrastructure, they often do a lot of calculations and incorporate safety measures wherever they can in their designs. Furthermore, they are tasked with choosing materials that have properties that match the functi ons for which they are to be used. In as much as engineers do their best to ensure that what they design and make work without failing, this is not always the case. Sometimes, engineering systems fail leading to massive losses. One case of failure that resulted from an engineering error is the sinking of Thresher submarine in the Atlantic Ocean. ... Navy at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard (Bentley, 1975). The submarine, which was at its time, the most advanced, was engaged in several sea trials in the Caribbean sea and the Atlantic Ocean between 1961 and 1962 only to prove its prowess as a war machine. The machine was so technologically advanced that it was rated the fastest and quietest submarine ever to be built in the world then, specifically dedicated to searching and destroying Soviet submarines (Bentley, 1975). Its sonar system had the capacity to detect ships and other submarines as far away as other submarines could not detect. Furthermore, it was installed with a highly technical weapons system which included the newest anti-submarine missile that the U.S. Navy had – the SUBROC. Apart from these amazing characteristics, the Thresher could dive far below any other machine of its ilk. Having been hit by a tug that damaged its ballast tanks while moored at Port Canaveral, Florida, it was necessary for the Thresher to undergo repairs, have its systems examined and before it could be fully certified for use during operations. After the submarine was finally certified to be operational, it was set to undergo routine tests on April, 9, 1963 (Bentley, 1975). Under the command of Lieutenant Commander John Wesley Harvey, the ship left the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Maine in the company of a rescue ship, Skylark, at 8 am. The rescue vessel accompanied the Thresher so that it could provide rescue services to those onboard the submarine in case of any problem. The Skylark had the capacity to provide rescue services to the submarine up to a maximum depth of about 850 feet (Bentley, 1975). The submarine

Things Fall Apart: An Analysis :: essays research papers

Things Fall Apart: An Analysis The culture of the Umuofia society before the colonial infiltration, may be hard to understand but we are forced by Achebe to realize it has traditions and customs that make it work. Although, looking at it from our Judaeo-Christian point of view we may be appalled by some of their practices. We also have to realize that they have strengths. Things Fall apart is the idea of balance and interdependence, earth and sky, individual and community, man and woman or different perspectives on the same situation. The central image of this balance is contained in the Ibo concept of "chi," which occurs throughout the novel. A persons "chi" is their destiny, his inner self, "you wouldn't challenge your "chi" to a wrestling match," as did Okonkwo when he assisted in the killing of Ikemefuna, whom he loved and who called him father. Okonkwo sins not only against the earth goddess, protector of family relations, but also against his inner most feelings or his "chi." Any bad luck that occurs, people of this culture would say that you have a bad "chi." Okonkwo's destiny is marked by bad luck, one reason may be that he is so driven by the fear of resembling his father that he struggles to repress part of his personality with predictably afflicted results. This was a society where a man was judged by his own achievement and not that of his fathers. Yams were the primary crop of Umuofia. A sign of manliness was if you could farm yams to feed your family. Okonkwo is respected because of his hard work. The complex patterns of Umuofia's economic and social customs materialize throughout this novel as we see Okonkwo compelled to rid himself of any similarities that his father had. Unoka had no titles, was lazy and when he died was greatly in debt. Some may wonder how a society like the Ibo's functioned, how they enforce

Exploring the Universality and Diversity of Human Language Essay

Chomsky (1975), a noted linguist, believes that we are â€Å"specifically designed† to learn language. As Biehler (1976) puts it, there are â€Å"striking uniformities† in languages of other cultures that follow grammatical patterns (universal grammar). Even Farrel (1978) agrees that there is â€Å"an underlying design original to all languages. † For all of them, language is simply a part of our genetic endowment, or as the evolutionist Haugen (1973) would say it, we have the â€Å"gift of language,† or the â€Å"universal gift of tongues. † Chomsky and other linguists believe that there are system of principles, conditions, and rules that are elements of all human languages. Human languages contain structure, which means they are composed of several words grouped basically by function (verbs, nouns, etc. ) and this is referred to in linguistic literatures as innate universal grammar. â€Å"The human brain is equipped with a learning algorithm, which enables us to learn certain languages. This algorithm can learn each of the existing 6,000 human languages and presumably many more, but it is impossible that algorithm could learn every computable language† (Nowak, Komarova and Niyogi, p. 615). What are the implications of all these? Regardless of cultural background, whatever language we know or use now, we are all innately predisposed to comprehend design in languages and we can easily grasp and work around grammatical rules, however complex or elaborate they are. Although of course, young children are at an advantage in using this gift, as timing in acquiring a language is important as well. Nonetheless, as a general statement, regardless of cultural or ethnic background, man’s remarkable ability to communicate through language, in itself, is already a good proof of the universality of language as a human faculty. As mentioned in the Atlas of Languages (1996), there is no known society or community in the world that is language-less. From the evolutionists’ point of view, language is essentially a human trait and this is a powerful evidence on the universality of language. While animals of the same kind have their own way of communicating, only humans had â€Å"the power of recursion to create an open-ended and limitless system of communication† Hauser, Chomsky and Fitch, 2002, p. 1578). Why and how humans acquired the faculty of language and managed to â€Å"spread from human to human and from culture to culture,† (Knezek, 1997) are often the usual subjects of discussion of scholars. Evolutionists would agree that â€Å"the faculty meditating human communication appears remarkably different from that of other living creatures†¦. that the human faculty of language appears to be organized like the genetic code with respect to its scope of expression. † Animals have been â€Å"designed on the basis of highly conserved developmental systems that read an almost universal language coded in DNA base pairs,† however, â€Å"they lack a common universal code of communication† (Hauser, Chomsky and Fitch, 2002, p. 1569). Diversity of Languages If there are over six thousand (6,ooo) documented human languages in the world while evidences, as earlier discussed, all point to what seem to be universal similarities in mankind’s gift of language, what caused the present diversity of languages? Languages differ in so many ways, and it should be interesting to explore these differences primarily from the genetic and environmental viewpoints. In the 15 August 2002 New York Times language article, Wade mentioned the remarkable theory of Dr. Richard Klein, an archaeologist at Stanford University – â€Å"that the emergence of behaviorally modern humans about 50,000 years ago was set off by a major genetic change, most probably the acquisition of language. † Could it be then, that there is a special gene linked to the innate ability of humans to acquire language? Which genetic change (s) led to changes in the biological make-up of human brain structures that would prove to be relevant for human language? A major feat in the study of cognitive genetics is the â€Å"discovery of the first human gene specifically involved in language† through the efforts of Dr. Svante Paabo and his colleagues at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. The gene named FOXP2 â€Å"is known to switch on other genes during the development of the brain† (Wade, 2002) The journal Nature journal published the report of the findings (as cited in Wade, 2002): â€Å"FOXP2 gene has remained largely unaltered during the evolution of mammals, but suddenly changed in humans after the hominid line had split off from the chimpanzee line of descent. The changes in the human gene affect the structure of the protein it specifies at two sites†¦.. One of them slightly alters the protein’s shape; the other gives it a new role in the signaling circuitry of human cells. The changes indicate that the gene has been under strong evolutionary pressure in humans. Also, the human form of the gene, †¦. seems to have become universal in the human population†¦. Humans must already have possessed some rudimentary form of language before the FOXP2 gene gained its two mutations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦the improved gene may have swept through the population, providing the finishing touch to the acquisition of language. †

HM Pestel - 622 Words

Political*Being a Swedish based company means Hamp;M have to follow Swedish legislation. * Like many other brand stores, Hamp;M’s stock is produced overseas. This is because of minimum wage laws which prevent workers in the UK working for below anything else. Employing workers in less developed countries mean Hamp;M can maximise their profits. *Price of cotton has increased rapidly as supplies are becoming limited. Hamp;M promote basic cotton ranges therefore they use mass amounts of cotton. If cotton prices do not start to fall, Hamp;M will have to increase their prices to maximise profits, which will draw away possible consumers that shop there to take advantage of their inexpensive clothing. | Economical *Hamp;M are known for†¦show more content†¦| Technological*Hamp;M have recently introduced an online shopping website. This is beneficial to those with children at home or who work long hours and do not necessarily have time to go shopping.*Hamp;M is known for fast fashion and averagely takes 12 weeks to get their clothes from the designing stage into their store. Advanced printing machines are used to mass produce yet keep their high quality of clothing.*Hamp;M’s website promotes their company through weekly newsletters and trend blogs. This is appealing to those who want to dress fashionable but are unsure what trends go together. They also advertise events and special offers on their website. This promotes their store to the segment of consumers that shop online and have an email network. | Legal*Like many high street store, Hamp;M have had accusations that they employ underage workers in illegal sweatshop factories. The poor working conditions and small wages put many consumers off of purchasing their clothes as they do not want to promote this work. Hamp;M sponsor charities to help raise awareness of this.*The Sales of Good Act is the only legislation that protects consumers from companies. Hamp;M have a returns policy that is clear and states the consumer is entitled to a full refund or exchange within the allocated time and within a resalable, unless faulty, condition. | Environmental*Hamp;M have an OrganicShow MoreRelatedHM Swot and Pestel2208 Words   |  9 PagesTwitter Table of Contents Executive Summary 3 Description of the Organisation 4 PESTEL-Analysis 6 SWOT-Analysis 7 * Strengths 7 * Weaknesses 9 * Opportunities 9 * Threats 10 Ethical behaviour and corporate social responsibility 11 Conclusion 12 Bibliography 13 Executive Summary HM is a great company in many aspects. It may be Sweden’s most recognised company after IKEA. It all startedRead MorePestel for HM in China5292 Words   |  22 PagesPESTEL China 1. 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Explain your answer by drawing on relevant topics in Strategic Management The most critical strategic issue that HM needs to confront is the declining market position in relation to the rapid expansion of Zara and other fashion retailers. Hennes and Maurtiz, or also known for short as HM, is a big billion dollar Swedish fashionRead MoreA Short Note On Individual Marketing Pl H M1761 Words   |  8 PagesSubmission Date December 22nd, 2015 Executive Summary HM is one of the most popular worldwide fashion clothing company that attempting for sustained brand awareness, market share and income growth. This report will practice the justification behind this statement, including the company’s current situation within Thailand clothing industry and current trends by using various difference tools such as PESTEL, Porter’s 5 Forces, and SWOT. This will then show a detailed marketing strategyRead MoreThe Rise Of E Commerce1440 Words   |  6 Pagesmarket in Asia for HM and CA. On 1964 the first Hennes store outside Sweden open in Norway, on 1978 the first store outside Scandinavia opens in London, in the UK, on 1990s progress continues in Europe with the opening of the first store in France in 1998.Newspapre and magazine advertising is complemented by outdoor advertising featuring famous models .on 2007 the first Asian stores open in Hong Kong and Shanghai. On 2009 the new store in Beijing of HM was finally opened. So far, HM has opened 14